Value Chain Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Value Chain Development - Essay Example Citing at Borg,W.D.,& Gall,D.W.(1963).Educational rsearch prooject   it is a good   idea for The managers to   leverage on existing M&E systems in each organization branch to track project indicators and milestones. For this project, steps to measure progress towards achievement of outputs will be validated by the stakeholders during the inception workshops and the surveys and baseline serve to further strengthen this. The monitoring framework will capture both qualitative and quantitative results of the project. The qualitative information is very important in measuring changes in perceptions among beneficiaries. The project already has outlined some of the quantitative outputs, the results will be measured periodically,   such as the number of producers who have enlisted to join   and participate in the project.Key indicators of the project will be tracked by project staff M&E team. Information collected will be fed back to implementing teams for incorporation and knowled ge sharing. In cases where project indicators and milestones are not being met, the managers will jointly come up with corrective measures. The project team will support continuous learning through the development of lessons learnt as well as success stories on a periodic basis  Other outputs such as use of locally available materials and its success will be documented as well as the modification in the design of the technologies to suit the local conditions in the   country Oso,W.Y.(2002). The managers will hold a preliminary planning meeting.

The Father of Revolution Essay Example for Free

The Father of Revolution Essay I belong to the opposing group, who opposes Jose Rizal as the national hero, and affirms Andres Bonifacio, who truly owns the throne to the so-called title of National Hero which currently belongs to Jose Rizal. First of all, let me get some facts straight. His complete name is Andres Castro Bonifacio, and he was born on November 30, 1863 in Tondo, Manila and died on May 10, 1897 at a very young age of 33 in Maragondon, Cavite. Like Abraham Lincoln, his formal education was very limited because of his parents’ death when he was only 14. He was an avid reader too like Lincoln and has read numerous books like the French Revolution, Biographies of US Presidents and many others. As the eldest, he had to drop out from school in order to support his siblings. Bonifacio was able to experienced working several odd jobs such as messenger, salesman and, warehouseman. He was also a businessman selling fans and canes. He founded the revolutionary movement known as KKK and was its supreme leader which sought for independence from the Spaniards. Not known to many Filipinos, some historians regarded him as the â€Å"first president of the Philippines. Andres Bonifacio and Greogoria De Jesus were married at the historic Binondo Church in 1893. His wife, more popularly known as Aling Oriang, was the founder and the vice-president of the women’s chapter of KKK. As a member of the Katipunan, Gregoria was designated the code name â€Å"Lakambini† which is the equivalent of â€Å"goddess† or â€Å"muse† in Tagalog dialect. Andres and Gregoria had a son named Andres but died of smallpox. Bonifacio was executed in 1897 and after more than a year his wife Gregoria met Julio Nakpil, a commander of the Katipunan troops in northern Philippines. They got married in December 1898 and had 5 children. The primary objective of the establishment of KKK is to achieve independence from Spain through a revolution. On July 7, 1892, the day after Rizal’s deportation to Dapitan, Andres Bonifacio founded the KKK – Kataas-taasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Highest and Most Respected Children of the Society of the Country) As a Katipunero, a member of the secret society called KKK, Bonicafio used the pseudonym â€Å"May Pag-asa† (There’s hope). The first â€Å"Supremo† of the Katipunan, short of KKK, was Deodato Arellano, Bonicacio’s brother-in-law. The second KKK â€Å"Supremo† was Roman Basa. Although Bonifacio was the founder, he only took over as â€Å"Supremo† in 1895 and prior to holding the highest position he was the organization’s comptroller and then its fiscal. Bonifacio wrote the poem â€Å"Pag-ibig sa Lupang Tinubuan† (Love of Homeland) under the pseudonym Agapito Bagumbayan. With less than 300 KKK members in January 1896, memberships of the Katipunan soared high to more than 40,000 by August 1896 due to the publication of â€Å"Kalayaan† and membership spread out throughout Luzviminda.

australias wage determination system Essay -- essays research papers

Australia has gone from a highly centralized wage determination system to a mainly decentralized one. There has been a move away from accords and awards to enterprise bargaining, through the 96 Workplace Relations Act. Recent policies include changes to unfair dismissal claims and the 2005 workplace reforms package. Throughout the 20th century, Australia has maintained a system of tribunals to make decisions about wage and non wage outcomes and to help resolve industrial disputes. Institutional forces affect the operation of the free market in order to improve labour market outcomes, such as guaranteeing minimum wages and conditions. The four institutional forces that affect labour markets are Governments, Trade Unions, Employer associations and Industrial Relations tribunal. Trade unions represent groups of workers on a collective basis. The most important trade union is the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), which is the peak union body to which most unions are affiliated. Trade unions membership has declined substantially from the 1970à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s with an average membership of 55% to just 23% in 2003. This is caused by the increase in casual and part time employment, growth in industries with low union membership such as retail and the decentralization of wage determination. Employer associations represent business groups in similar industries in industrial relations matters. They seek wage moderation to maintain profitability. The head employer association is the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. At the federal level is the independently run Australian Industrial Relations Commission (AIRC). They establish and maintain the fair minimum rates of pay and conditions (award safety net system) for all workers. Award wage increases are determined by the AIRC annually after hearing submissions from the government, ACTU and unions. They apply the no disadvantage test to CAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and AWAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s to make sure workers are better off than the underpinning award. They also help settle industrial disputes through conciliation and arbitration. Move Away from centralized The Accords (1983-1995), were a social contract negotiated between the Federal Government and ACTU on minimum wages and specified working conditions for a number of occupations under Federal awards. This centralised wage system reduced the levels of inflation, industrial disputation and un... ...ver the wage determination role of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission (AIRC). It is meant to boost productivity by increasing workplace flexibility and placing new constraints on unions. The change is aimed at having workers covered by individual employment agreements rather than collective awards. Its creation is a big win for employer groups, who have campaigned for decades to strip back the powers of the industrial relations umpire to determine workplace arrangements. However, many believe it will lead to a reduction in pay and conditions. New legislation will also strip back minimum employment conditions. The current 20 "allowable matters" will be cut to about 16. The wage determination system has moved from centralised determination through National Wage Cases towardst an enterprise bargaining framework. Safety nets are there mainly for low paid workers who are unable to secure wage increases under enterprise bargaining. There has been sustained moderate wage increases, low inflation, strong productivity growth and employment growth. This system appears to generate the best of both enterprise agreements and centralised wage determination.

Montessori Practical life Essay

Most children are passionately interested in practical life activities because the activities respond to all the sensitive periods (important periods of childhood development). Practical life activities build a foundation on which the children will grow and carry over into the other areas of the classroom, and over in to their every day life. The Montessori Practical Life exercises respond to the need for: Order of activities (sequences, routine, hierarchy, a cycle or full rotation of an activity) Movement. All practical life activities involve great movements that are varied and attractive. The variety of movements help the child’s self-awareness within the environment and increase the child’s acquisition of intelligent movement. Sensorial exploration (sights, sounds, smells, and eventually language). Needs and tendencies are responded to, to help the children adapt so that they can actively participate and grown within their environment. A child’s love of work. Practical life activities feed their natural desire to work and play an active role in their environment. Practical Life Lessons Guide Children 1. Construction and integration of the child’s personality through their freedom of choice, and through the variety of their choices. Freedom of choice is necessary for the healthy development of the will. 2. Spontaneous purposeful activity that is only possible when children are allowed to exercise their curiosity through repetition. It is only through repetition that abstraction is possible. This abstraction brings about a feeling of completion for the growing child. 3. Development of co-ordination of movement. The child thinks of the activity, wills himself to the activity, and then does the activity. 4. Development of the physical, mental, and emotional aspects of the child. 5. Purposeful movement that helps the development of the mind, and a sense  of achievement. The development of the child’s mind, movement, and senses will in turn, develop the will. 6. Concentration. The child will concentrate on completing an activity as perfectly as possible; all activities are intelligible, logical, sequential, and exact. Children will internalize this and try to repeat the exercises as perfectly as possible; all exercises have a motive for perfection. 7. Orderly work habits. The children need to internalize presentations in an orderly manner in order to reproduce it in an orderly manner. 8. The practical life exercises develop logical thought through the definite logic in the exercises. There is a beginning, middle, and end to each exercise. 9. The exercises give the children a sense of responsibility from the result of freedom (freedom which is a result of co-ordination of movement and awareness of the environment). Children have the freedom and ability to exercise their will within their environment. 10. Social development. All of the practical life exercises teach the children grace, courtesy, patience, and respect. These elements of social development are re-enforced through the actions of the other children and through the actions of the teacher. 11. Establish a sense of reality, rooted in real activities (nothing is make-believe). Exercises are lucid, logical, and realistic. This helps the children pursue reality. If an activity is not meaningful and purposeful than the mind cannot develop or construct itself. 12. Emotional stability helps the children become familiar with the real world and their environment. It builds self-esteem, and through that, their dignity will flourish. Materials and activities are therapeutic, meaning the mind and body work together. Scope and Sequence of the Montessori Practical Life area Before beginning you must observe the child, know what kind of activities they are drawn to, and understand their current skills and abilities. Not all children will be capable of each activity in the order it is shown below. The order below is a guideline only – not a steadfast rule. It is possible to skip over certain activities as long as the next activity the child chooses does not require knowledge/skill that the child does not yet have. The key is to follow the child and offer appropriate activities according to their abilities. The goal is always to set the child up for success. That’s not to say that the child won’t have to work through an activity and repeat it over and over again before being successful. The child needs to be adequately prepared for the activity, physically and mentally. And last, but not least, adults must use their own judgment and decide if an activity is safe for the child. Many practical life activities do not require expensive ‘Montessori materials’ to be effective. As well, practical life activities will vary from culture to culture. You can read Practical Life Lessons and Practical Life FAQ’s for more information. If you are homeschooling your child and wish to have a little more theory and direction on the presentation of Practical Life materials you can purchase our Practical Life Teaching Manual.

Captain scott

Robert Falcon Scott was born on June 6,1868. Everyday he rode to school by his pony, Beep. Sometimes he slipped from his horse, but he never afraid with that. At the age of fifteen Scott became a midshipman. He began to conquered his bodily weakness and his childish faults in the navy. In 1891 he graduate from the amnion and he get a lieutenant. Scott was plan this trip to south pole with Sir Clement and everything will prepared. Scott has a high standard of conduct, Intelligence, scientific, knowledge and qualities of adventure in the Antarctic.In the other hand Scott was assured of a fine career in the Ana and he realized that the expedition to the pole would give him new and exciting experience, and also opportunities for scientific research, so he accepted the advice of Sir Clement. Everything will prepared seriously because this Journey became extreme round trip, so it make him very busy. Actually he ship, it was brought from Scotland to London, named â€Å"Discovery'. The expe dition began from London through Atlantic Ocean and arrived in new Zealand.Then over Rose sea, for the further journey they took several dogs, ponies, sledge and another thing they need. In the first expedition Scott lose three member of his party. Trip or the pole was got extreme weather and it become serious problem to us. They study everything in south pole, one of this are about magnetism, meteorological observations, and animal live, also any other aspect. Aftermath they were sail for home and Scott had done splendidly, and he return to find himself famous. The year between first and second Journey, coot married with Miss Kathleen Bruce, artist and sculptor in 1908.On September 14, 1909 coot's son was born and name Peter Markham Scott. In the second Journey he took another ship, named â€Å"Terra nova† and he prepared all with seamen. The second trip need more power because it happen in winter,and it like the first. When they arrived the centre pole they put country flag . In the other hand they get a new experience, but in another hand they got difficulties return from the pole. Winter season make them very ill,day by day conditions grew worse and sometimes they took ore than an hours to drag the sledge a mile.Even in this condition they still to write anything about their condition it seem that they will die. In fact Just only few alive on the return Journey. Comment I think the story is very attractive to know because about the explore to Antarctic. Perhaps hardly ever everyone go there. The story give us about description in the Antarctic. Antarctic is the centre of magnetism and have extreme temperature that somebody never alive in there. It also get us information about discipline to arrange everything we need.

Discussion methods Essays

Discussion methods Essays Discussion methods Essay Discussion methods Essay yawning, whispering to a friend, etc. C. Asking Good Questions Questions are a fundamental part of discussion groups. Good discussions usually stem from asking quality questions. Questions can enhance the discussion and even change the atmosphere of the group itself. D. Experiential Learning We learn best when we are actively involved in the learning process. Using the discussion method, a students personal experiences are followed by observation, reflection, and analysis of these experiences. This process leads to formulation of bstract concepts and generalizations, which, in turn, leads to hypotheses to be discussed and tested in future experiences. E. Emphasis on Sstudents Sstudents experiences serve as the basis for the discussion Although the teacher must have a specific goal in mind and a general framework for reaching the goal, student input determines the specific direction the discussion takes. Merits 1. Emphasis on Learning instead of Teaching, Discussion Method emphasises pupil-aactivity in the form of discussion, rather than slmply telllng ana lecturlng Dy tne teacner. I nus, tnls metnoa Is more erec Participation by Everybody. In this method, everybody participates in the discussion, and therefore thinks and expresses himself. This is a sure way of learning. 3. Development of Democratic way of Thinking. Everybody cooperates in the discussion, and the ideas and opinions of everybody are respected. Thus, there is a development of democratic way of thinking and arriving at decision. 4. Training in Self-expression. During discussion, everybody is required to express his ideas and opinions in a clear and concise manner. This provides ample opportunities to the sstudents for training n self-expression. . Spirit of Tolerance is inculcated. The sstudents learn to discuss and differ with other members of the group. They learn to tolerate the views of others even if they are unpleasant and contradictory to each others views. Thus, respect for the view points of others is developed. 6. Learning is made Interesting. More effective learning is possible when the sstudents discuss, criticise a nd share ideas on a particular problem. Active participation by the sstudents in the discussion makes learning full of interest for the sstudents. This also ensures better and effective earning. . Motivation: It helps in motivating the sstudents through their participa tion in discussion and it helps in developing students ability to express them orally. 8. Logical reasoning: All the sstudents try to give more practical and logical reasons for their beliefs and dis-beliefs as a result of which, feeling of healthy competition gets developed in them. Such kind of competitive atmosphere helps in motivating the sstudents to get more and more knowledge from various sources. Limitations 1. Tend to get off topic if the instructor doesnt continually redirect ideas. 2. Not uitable for presenting information for the first time. 3. Content is limited and the method is time consuming. 4. The larger the groups the more difficult it is to guide the discussion. 5. All types of topics cannot be taught by Discussion Method. 6. This method cannot be used for teaching small children. 7. More informed and eager pupils tend to monopolize the discussion. 8. Some sstudents may not take part while others may try to dominate. In spite of these limitations, Discussion Method is a very useful and effective method for the teaching of home science. Role of a teacher The Teachers Role in the Group Discussion In a discussion involving the total group, the teachers role is a crucial one. As the one who does the major share of the planning and preparation, and who usually leads the discussion, the teacher is the dominant and central figure. In the planning and preparation stage, the teacher may need to orient sstudents to the discussion technique in order to prepare them to use discussion time economically. They will need to be encouraged or directed to do some reading or other research and to make note of posslDle questlons prlor to tne Olscusslon. I ne teacner also wlll need to De prepared ith current information. If the class for bank tellers is going to discuss security problems, the teacher may find it necessary to learn about the latest security techniques before leading the class on the topic. During preparation, the teacher can also prepare a list of pertinent and leading questions, designed to help cove the necessary ground and stimulating thinking. The teacher should plan the setting for close but informal grouping, with chairs in a semi-circle, in clusters, or around a large table or grouping of tables. The teacher-leader should be located near the apex of the ushaped group, r wherever all sstudents can see and hear him/her. As the discussion begins, the teacher should lead off by introducing the topic to be discussed, the general limits of the topic, and the time schedule agreed on. The teacher should make the problem clear to all by stating it in specific and direct terms. For example, the teacher in the child care class would not announce the topic simply by saying Today we are going to discuss lead poisoning, but perhaps by saying, What is the scope of the problem of lead poisoning in children today, and what actions can be taken to control the problem? The teacher may formulate some leading questions while a student writes the on the chalkboard. Such questions might be: How serious is the problem of lead poisoning in children: Why are children more seriously affected than adults? What can the government do about the problem? What can the child care worker do? It will be necessary to allow some warming-up time, but as the group gains more experience in discussion, less teacher prompting will be needed. The teacher need not be afraid of some silence as sstudents organize their thoughts, but dead stops in the discussion should be avoided by the use of stimulating questions. As the discussion progresses, the teacher should attempt to establish a free and friendly atmosphere in which contributions can be made without fear, and all have an equal oopportunity to participate. The teacher sets the friendly tone, gives consideration to all contributions, and guides the talk within the outlines of the problem. Each member is encouraged to contribute, with special attention being given to sstudents who are timid or who have difficulty in expressing themselves in public. The extent of learning is closely related to the degree of student interaction and participation. The skillful discussion leader develops an awareness of facial expressions and is sensitive to enthusiasm and to the attitudes of the group. At this stage of the discussion, the teacher should be stimulating sstudents to reason out the problems, helping them to evaluate what they hear, and suggesting possible class activities as outgrowths of the talk. If several small group discussions are operating, the teacher can circulate quietly among the groups, guiding the discussions as he/she would with the total group. In addition, the teacher can make periodic summaries of the discussion, and can ormulate generalizations applicable to other situations. The teacher may also keep the thinking open by taking the weak side of a question, suggesting an opinion to arouse controversy, or acting as the devils advocate. In an office practice class Olscusslon 0T pay ana worKlng conaltlons, Tor Instance, tne teacner may take tne position that lower pay for women is Justified because of their high turnover and the lesser demands made on them. The purpose of this controversial statement would be to force sstudents to substantiate their contentions to the country. All of this is done from the teachers background of knowledge about the subject, but without attempting to force a personal position on the class and without imposing a predetermined solution to the problem. This kind of openness requires a leader who is free from a drive to determine, who is personally secure and willing to be a follower sometimes, and who can restrain his/her own desire to talk. Some situations may develop in the course of a class discussion that can be difficult to handle. The following list addresses some potential problems and suggests some possible solutions to these problems. The Teachers Role in the Panel Discussion The panel leader (in this case, the teacher) is the most important member of the panel. He or she directs preplanning activities, assists any member who is having trouble, and takes responsibility for the overall functioning of the group. A wellprepared leader builds discussion outline†usually a series of questions concerning major issues. The questions may never be asked in exactly that form, but the leader can use them to help keep the discussion within the guidelines. The leader has the responsibility to oversee the panel members preparation and performance. Each member needs to get an over view of the whole problem from reading, then study his/her own particular aspect of the problem (e. g. , the present state of affairs, steps that might be taken, and the effects of such action). During the discussion, the members are exchanging ideas among themselves, but they are doing it for the benefit of the class, so they should partially face and talk to each other, and partially to the audience. Prepared speeches are not in order. The effective panel member (aided by the teacher) will† 00make short contributions, not over one minute in length 00ask probing questions f the other panelists 00follow the discussion of the other panelists 00follow the discussion carefully, actually listening to what others have to say 00relate remarks to what already has been said Douse tact and a friendly approach, and avoid disparaging remarks As the panel opens, the leader offers introductory remarks, states the problem, asks a question of a panel member, or challenges the group. Surprisingly, perhaps, the effective leader usually is the quietest person on the panel. He/she gently steers the discussion, clarifies concepts, and allows the free flow of ideas. As in the group discussion, the leader may need to control the overly-talkative person, encourage the timid, keep the discussion reasonable and cool, and keep the talk on the topic. One of the more exacting responsibilities of the leader is to provide smooth transitions from one aspect of the problem to another. This can be done by a short summary of the discussion up to that point, and an equally short introduction to the next phase of the discussion. When the panel comes to a close, the leader makes a very brief summary 0T tne Olscusslon†a remlnaer 0T wnat tne panel nas Sala, ana tne points o greement reached. After the panel discussion, the leader may invite questions from the class, with a remainder that they are to be brief and to the point. A suggested timing for the whole process might be as follows. 05 minutes for introductions and remarks 0025 to 35 minutes for the panel 005 to 10 minutes for student questions 005 minutes for the teachers critique of the panel process. It is often helpful for the teacher to follow through during the next class period with review of the principles evolved through the discussion. It is at this time, also, that the teacher can give the lass the benefit of his/her own ideas and understandings on the topic and can present his/her general expert con clusion. The Teachers Role in the Symposium In order to gain maximum benefit. rom the symposium. It would be helpful if all interested classes could be brought together at the same time for the symposium. Sstudents can, of course, assist in all phases of the planning. They can help in locating suitable speakers formally inviting them to participate, providing transportation or greeting them at the school, and thanking them at the close of the meeting. Ultimately, however, it is the teachers responsibility to be sure that all of these arrangements have been handled satisfactorily. The symposium if not difficult to conduct. the topic is announced briefly and stated clearly, the speakers are introduced and their special backgrounds noted, and the first speaker is called upon to begin he/her presentation. The chairman can make a short transitional statement as the second speaker has been given a specified time for his/her presentation and his held responsible for presenting a particular aspect of the problem, the chairman oes not direct the discussion or interject his/her own ideas. At the end of the formal speeches, the chairman may direct audiences questions toward specific speakers for responses. A following class period might be used for group discussion of what the class has learned from the symposium. This would also he the correct time for the teacher to present his/her own reactions and conclusions. As in any discussions technique, the teacher should help the class evaluate the experience they have Just had, and suggest to the group how they can improve on the experience in future situations of this kind.

My Brother Kenny essays

My Brother Kenny essays My elder brother, Kenny, was born on the 7th of April 1980 in a remote village. At birth, he was dropped by a nurse. Unfortunately, he fell on his back and damaged his spinal cord. His lower body was paralyzed. All my parents' efforts to enable him walk were to no avail. When Kenny was five, my parents moved to the city, and he started kindergarten. Even though he was confined to a wheel chair, he was a happy child. At least that is what I was told. When he was fifteen, I was born and he loved me very much. He would pick me up, placed me on his laps and wheeled me around for as long as he was allowed to. For as long as I could remember, we were the closest siblings, and my mum nicknamed us "fraternal twins". In the 11th grade, Ken told my mum that he didn't want to stay in the school for special kids, where he was. Rather, he wanted a regular high school, and my mum enrolled him. For the first year, he was mocked, bullied and found it difficult to get between classes. He always told me 'perseverance is the key to success'. I fully understood that statement, young as I was, when he was preparing his valedictory speech. He went to West Virginia University where he studied Petroleum Engineering and graduated with honors. I wish the story ended there, I really do, but unfortunately, it didn't. His best friend, Peter, died in the September 11th 2001 attack on the world trade center. He and Peter were, to me, the real definition of best friends forever. They went from the same high school to the same college and eventually got an apartment together. When Peter died, Kenny was demoralized and it broke all our hearts. It killed him more when he tried to enroll with the army and wasn't allowed; so he felt like he had let Peter down. However, with the help of the God and family, Kenny started to get better. The family went to the United States for vacation in 2004 and, because we wanted to avoid the 'summer rush', we decided to go...

Definition and Examples of Linguistic Ecology

Definition and Examples of Linguistic Ecology Linguistic ecology is the study of languages in relation to one another and to various social factors. Also known as  language ecology or ecolinguistics. This branch of linguistics was pioneered by Professor Einar Haugen in his book The Ecology of Language (Stanford University Press, 1972). Haugen defined language ecology as the study of interactions between any given language and its environment. Examples and Observations The term language ecology, like language family, is a metaphor derived from the study of living beings. The view that one can study languages as one studies the interrelationship of organisms with and within their environments presupposes a number of subsidiary metaphors and assumptions, most notably that languages can be regarded as entities, that they can be located in time and space and that the ecology of languages is at least in part different from that of their speakers. . . .The ecological metaphor in my view is action oriented. It shifts the attention from linguists being players of academic language games to becoming shop stewards for linguistic diversity, and to addressing moral, economic and other non-linguistic issues.(Peter Mà ¼hlhusler, Linguistic Ecology: Language Change and Linguistic Imperialism in the Pacific Region. Routledge, 1996)Language is not an object that can be considered in isolation, and communication does not simply occur by means of sequences of sounds . . . . Language . . . is a social practice within social life, one practice among others, inseparable from its environment. . . .The basic idea is thus that the practices which constitute languages, on the one hand, and their environment, on the other, form an ecolinguistic system, in which languages multiply, interbreed, vary, influence each other mutually, compete or converge. This system is in interrelation with the environment. At every moment language is subject to external stimuli to which it adapts. Regulation, which I will define as the reaction to an external stimulus by an internal change which tends to neutralize its effects, is thus a response to the environment. This response is first and foremost the mere addition of individual responses- variants that, over time, lead to the selection of certain forms, certain characteristics. In other words, there is a selective action of the environment on the evolution of language . . ..(Louis Jean Calvet, Towards an Ecology of Wo rld Languages, translated by Andrew Brown. Polity Press, 2006) The biological analogy may be the most pertinent- linguistic ecology is now a recognized field of study, not just a figure of speech. What dialects are to languages, subspecies are to species. Chainsaws and invaders menace them indiscriminately. . . .What the survival of threatened languages means, perhaps, is the endurance of dozens, hundreds, thousands of subtly different notions of truth. With our astonishing powers of technology, its easy for us in the West to believe we have all the answers. Perhaps we doto the questions, we have asked. But what if some questions elude our capacity to ask? What if certain ideas cannot be fully articulated in our words? There are amazing things about Aboriginal languages, Michael Christie told me when I visited his office at Northern Territory University in Darwin. Their concepts of time and agency, for example. They go right against our ideology of linear time- past, present, and future. I reckon theyd completely revolutionize Western philosophy , if only we knew more about them.(Mark Abley, Spoken Here: Travels Among Threatened Languages. Houghton Mifflin, 2003) Also see: CodificationLanguage ChangeLanguage DeathLanguage PlanningLanguage StandardizationLinguistic AnthropologyLinguistic ImperialismLinguistic TypologySociolinguistics

Financial Planning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Planning - Research Paper Example Financial Planning James Patterson wishes to retire by the age of 56. Nevertheless, if retirement at the age of 56 looked difficult he would consider cutting back to 4 days one year, then 3, and so on. The age pension would start from the time Mr. Patterson attains the age of 65. So it is imperative that Mr. Patterson makes proper arrangement for the financial needs arising during the big gap from the age of 56 to 65. Thus, his prime objective is to accumulate sufficient Retirement Income to fulfil all his responsibilities during that period in addition to fulfilling his personal interests. The interests of James Patterson after retirement comprise of travelling extensively, and attending summer school courses on aspects of ancient history particularly about Greece and Rome among others. He also wants to remain associated with Community Aid and one of his prime responsibilities is to look after his aged mother, and his nephew and nieces. The target retirement income that Mr. Patterson is looking forwar d to is equivalent to 60% of his pre-retirement income. The disposable income of James Patterson at present is $50567, 60% of which would be equivalent to $30340. Thus, the client would require an annual income of around $30340 following his retirement after about 5 years. He could continue to require an income of $30340 for at least the subsequent 9 years, until he attains the age of 65 and his age pension starts.... On the basis of the information provided by Mr. Patterson and the following discussions, his lifestyle objectives and goals were reviewed. The recommendations provided in this financial have been developed to help Mr. Patterson in accomplishing these objectives: Living Expenditure: Mr. James Patterson would like to afford for his living expenses of around $30,500 per year. Holidays: James Patterson would like to expend $5,000 on a travel holiday every year. Family: James Patterson has a large extended family comprising of his mother and five siblings. He intends to take care of her mother and also assist his nephews and nieces financially. Retirement: James Patterson would like to withdraw from full time work in 5 years time when he attains 56 years of age. He is willing to draw down on his capital with the purpose of accomplishing her retirement objectives. Identification of Issues and Problems The total cumulative value of capital and assets owned by James Patterson is equivalent t o $718,781. Assuming the life expectancy level of Mr. Patterson to be 80 years, he needs to arrange for the financial requirements of 25 years. It should be noted that the client intends to retire at 55. He would get some amount of assistance from the Age pension after he attains the age of 65. However, he needs to build a decent corpus of capital for his retirement plans. Mr. Patterson is single and does not have any direct responsibility of a family, but the downside is that he has to prepare for his old age finances on his own. The present level of savings will most likely not be adequate to build up the assets essential for Mr. Patterson to be able to preserve his preferred standard of living post retirement.

Strategy Adopted by an Organization Is a Consequence of the Match Essay

Strategy Adopted by an Organization Is a Consequence of the Match between the Organizations External Relationships and its Internal Capabilities - Essay Example The researcher states that a mismatch between the internal capability of an organization and its strategies may to some extent contribute to less than optimal output and input ration in an organization. The accessible research findings have confirmed the existence of a very close relationship between an organization’s internal capabilities, the organization’s strategies, and the organization’s external relationships. In most cases, organizations that have the ability to balance between their internal capabilities and their strategies have competitive advantages over institutions that formulate their policies without considering their internal strengths and weaknesses. As a result, the analysis of the company’s internal liabilities, resources, weaknesses, and strengths are essential in the strategy formulation process. Sufficient examination of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats facing the business is as exceptionally decisive in devising the organization’s strategy. The objective of a strategy should be based on the company’s weaknesses and strengths. In planning for the organization strategy, the strategists should also consider the institution’s entrepreneurial problems and administrative problems. In most cases, strategies and organization’s internal capabilities reinforce each other in the success of an organization. A successful organization selects management systems that are in line with its strategies. Moreover, entities with several adjustment levels employ different strategies to match with their internal capabilities. As a result, business entities that have high-level of adjustments reveal organic structures and prospectors plan while business entities with low-level adjustment use mechanistic structures and defender strategies. In most cases, organizations strategists identify a unique approach to its marketplace before structuring an organization strategy that fits the identifi ed market approach.

International Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

International Business - Assignment Example Secondly, the culture of the people of USA is different to that of the people of Turkey. Evidently, the Turkey citizens have different beliefs to people of the United States of America hence a person working in the USA will be more diverse in terms of norms and beliefs to that person working in Turkey(Czinkota, 1989). In addition, the language barrier is another factor that brings the contradiction in the two working regions; that is USA and Turkey (DRS, 2012). For example, the national language of Turkey is Turkish while that of the United States of America is English. Therefore this vividly brings out the difference of working in the two countries. Furthermore, the constitution of the country Turkey is different to that of the USA (Czinkota, 1989). Evidently there are a number of things the government of Turkey approves one to engage in but the government of USA totally bans them totally and vice versa. In conclusion, there are a lot of things that may prohibit a person to work in a particular country and make that country unfavorable working environment. Clearly, this is highlighted throughout the book and one can practically hand pick

The role of regulation and crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The role of regulation and crisis - Essay Example The subprime crisis was also an outcome of negligence of financial regulatory body as well as the professionals engaged in accounting and auditing process. To have a better understanding of financial crisis the role of government, regulatory body, accounting system & standards, political environment and capitalism needs an analysis. From 2001, the Lamfalussy framework was introduced in EU system of supervision and regulation. The framework was arranged in four separate levels and published by European council (Great Britain: Parliament: House of Lords: European Union Committee, 2009, p.12). These regulations are responsible for making the accounting and auditing process more transparent. After the great depression, International Monitory Fund and World Bank were established to avoid the causes which actually results into depression. But these regulatory bodies are almost 65 years old and are ill equipped to handle the complex banking environment of 21st century. Almost all the major economies have their own regulatory bodies, like Financial Services Authority (FSA) of UK and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in US, but they failed to check the financial crisis. Even the Basel II Accord agreement that was published in 2004 failed to detect and control credit crunch. Many banks are blaming Mark to Mark et system for development of such a disastrous financial crisis (Rayner, 2008). The financial system is based on the trust and faith, but collapse of Lehman Brothers, Bank of America and PNC Bank Corp are few examples of how the policymakers and regulators failed to maintain people’s faith in them. Most surprisingly America’s financial system failed to manage risk and proper allocation of capital (Stiglitz, 2008). Fair Value Accounting or US Accounting Standard FAS 157 is basically used for determining fair value or market value of the assets and the liability. Many critics argued that fair value accounting is highly

Youth Violence Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Youth Violence - Dissertation Example Recent arrest data show that 2.14 million juveniles were arrested by law enforcement agencies in 2005 (Carr, 2008). These arrests covered the full range of crimes including, homicides, forcible rape, robbery and aggravated assault. Furthermore, youth accounted for one in every six arrests for all violent crimes in the United States (Snyder, 2000). Background Prior research suggests that an association between race and violent offending exists with racial minorities offending at a disproportional rate compared to Whites (Thornberry et al., 1998). Plausibly, this relation exists because racial minority peer groups mediate the race-violence relationship. Alternatively, because racial minorities tend to be among the population that is most impoverished, minorities may be more likely to be antagonistic due to their aversive social and economic conditions (Bernard, 1990). Ultimately, the influence of peer association and socioeconomic status could have a greater influence on Blacks than no n-Blacks. Literature Review Relationship between Race and Violent Crime in Youths Several longitudinal delinquency studies examine the causes and correlates of youth delinquency. The Denver Youth Study used a sample of 1,527 boys and girls from high risk neighborhoods in Denver. These 1,527 boys and girls were a sample of 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 year olds in 1987 (Huizinga, et al., 1998). The Denver Youth Study found that over a 5 year period (1987-91) most of the Black youths in the sample were in fact both victims and perpetrators of violent crime (Huizinga, et al., 1998). Loeber, et al. (1998) conducted research on 1,517 inner city boys from Pittsburgh in the Pittsburgh Youth Study. The sample consisted of first, fourth, and seventh graders from inner city Pittsburgh where 30 percent of sample were pre-screened students who exhibited especially disruptive behavior. The remaining 70 percent were a random sample selection of the remaining population. The Pittsburgh Youth Study found h igh levels of involvement in serious delinquency among its sample. No differences between Black and White boys were found at age 6, but differences gradually developed with prevalence of serious delinquency at age 16 reaching 27 percent for Blacks and 19 percent for Whites (Loeber, et al., 1998). Criminal violence is an enduring issue in urban America and this concern may not be equally serious for all communities. One of the more overt differences is between the violence levels of Blacks and Whites (Krivo & Peterson, 2000). Black violent offending has ranged from 6.2 to 9.5 times that of Whites over the past twenty years. Krivo and Peterson (2000) argued that one possibility for the racially differing rates of offending occurring is because the crime-generating processes are conditioned by the social situations of Blacks and Whites. Possible Mediators of the Race-Violence Relationship Socioeconomic Status Elliott (1994) with results from the longitudinal National Youth Survey posit ed that racial differences in violence varied across socioeconomic status, where employed Blacks and Whites had similar, continuous violent behavior in contrast to unemployed Blacks who were significantly more likely to behave more violently than unemployed Whites. It is certainly plausible that the nature of socioeconomic status has great influence on the violent behavior of people. Paschall, et al. (1998) found that impacts of socioeconomic disadvantage on violent behavior were clearly more profound for Black young adults than White young adults. Socioeconomic status could perhaps provide another explanation for differences in exposure to both violence and violent peers. Racial differences in violence may be a result of the lower socioeconomic sta

See attachments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

See attachments - Essay Example actions in meddling with military affairs and his initiation of the Jewish Holocaust, would result to the defeat of Germany against the Allied forces of United States, Soviet Russian, Great Britain and France. Initially, during 1939 to 1942, Germany swiftly overran most of Western Europe. Germany succeeded for more than two years by relying on their new method of warfare called Blitzkrieg. This innovative way of waging modern war required the focused use of offensive forces against the weakest point in a battlefront. For this to be achieved, speed and coordination was needed, using combined arms that involved the use of strike aircraft, assault infantry, mechanized and armored units, and artillery support. This led to newer technologies for tanks, aircrafts, and other weapons for Germany, aside from better-trained personnel. First, German air forces would thwart enemy forces from effectively bringing supplies or prevent the deployment of reinforcements. Afterwards, the German army would penetrate enemy defenses or lines with their tank divisions, known as panzers, to break through enemy lines quickly and move around without restraint. The result of this method of attack would result in sh ock and disorientation among the enemy forces. In the German plan, it was anticipated that an enemy’s entire country would be so quickly over-run that little concern need be had for industrial and war production that was merely potential.1 Germany’s use of maneuver warfare was supposedly a quick and decisive solution to achieve a swift and total victory. As far as tactics were concerned, the Germans had better tactical application and advantages in the early years of World War II. However, it was too late when the Germans realized that their means to wage did not match their ends, and exceeded their capabilities. There was hardly anything wrong with the military strategic and tactical doctrines of the German Third Reich. The problems were in the military objectives that

Youth Violence Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Youth Violence - Dissertation Example Recent arrest data show that 2.14 million juveniles were arrested by law enforcement agencies in 2005 (Carr, 2008). These arrests covered the full range of crimes including, homicides, forcible rape, robbery and aggravated assault. Furthermore, youth accounted for one in every six arrests for all violent crimes in the United States (Snyder, 2000). Background Prior research suggests that an association between race and violent offending exists with racial minorities offending at a disproportional rate compared to Whites (Thornberry et al., 1998). Plausibly, this relation exists because racial minority peer groups mediate the race-violence relationship. Alternatively, because racial minorities tend to be among the population that is most impoverished, minorities may be more likely to be antagonistic due to their aversive social and economic conditions (Bernard, 1990). Ultimately, the influence of peer association and socioeconomic status could have a greater influence on Blacks than no n-Blacks. Literature Review Relationship between Race and Violent Crime in Youths Several longitudinal delinquency studies examine the causes and correlates of youth delinquency. The Denver Youth Study used a sample of 1,527 boys and girls from high risk neighborhoods in Denver. These 1,527 boys and girls were a sample of 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 year olds in 1987 (Huizinga, et al., 1998). The Denver Youth Study found that over a 5 year period (1987-91) most of the Black youths in the sample were in fact both victims and perpetrators of violent crime (Huizinga, et al., 1998). Loeber, et al. (1998) conducted research on 1,517 inner city boys from Pittsburgh in the Pittsburgh Youth Study. The sample consisted of first, fourth, and seventh graders from inner city Pittsburgh where 30 percent of sample were pre-screened students who exhibited especially disruptive behavior. The remaining 70 percent were a random sample selection of the remaining population. The Pittsburgh Youth Study found h igh levels of involvement in serious delinquency among its sample. No differences between Black and White boys were found at age 6, but differences gradually developed with prevalence of serious delinquency at age 16 reaching 27 percent for Blacks and 19 percent for Whites (Loeber, et al., 1998). Criminal violence is an enduring issue in urban America and this concern may not be equally serious for all communities. One of the more overt differences is between the violence levels of Blacks and Whites (Krivo & Peterson, 2000). Black violent offending has ranged from 6.2 to 9.5 times that of Whites over the past twenty years. Krivo and Peterson (2000) argued that one possibility for the racially differing rates of offending occurring is because the crime-generating processes are conditioned by the social situations of Blacks and Whites. Possible Mediators of the Race-Violence Relationship Socioeconomic Status Elliott (1994) with results from the longitudinal National Youth Survey posit ed that racial differences in violence varied across socioeconomic status, where employed Blacks and Whites had similar, continuous violent behavior in contrast to unemployed Blacks who were significantly more likely to behave more violently than unemployed Whites. It is certainly plausible that the nature of socioeconomic status has great influence on the violent behavior of people. Paschall, et al. (1998) found that impacts of socioeconomic disadvantage on violent behavior were clearly more profound for Black young adults than White young adults. Socioeconomic status could perhaps provide another explanation for differences in exposure to both violence and violent peers. Racial differences in violence may be a result of the lower socioeconomic sta

Research Methodology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research Methodology - Essay Example Finally, one has to note what one is likely to â€Å"‘conclude† in terms of the research problem and one’s hypothesis (an early conclusion in other words). All this goes into a brief and concise introduction, to be termed â€Å"Introduction† and/or â€Å"Abstract†, of the proposed research. To illustrate the research process thus described, I shall in the following adopt the perspective of anthropology, the science of culture, as an example of a an inductive, empirical social science with appropriate methods to tackle social science research questions ‘ Literature Review Having thus described the contents of the proposal, one now turns to these items, one by one, beginning with a focused analysis of relevant literary sources and notions in order to answer the research question. The review reflects â€Å"the state of the art† regarding knowledge of the research topic. The review will highlight various issues that are particularly relevant to solving the identified research problem. Setting and Sample: Next, one describes the setting and/or sample size. Depending upon one’s choice of research problem one describes the setting which, when social science research is conducted, may be a community (e.g., affluent, middle-class, poor), an institution (e.g., a school, a bank), a neighbourhood, street corners, a slum, etc. (Hannerz, 2007). Based upon this choice, a sample is defined. One may want to work with a small, large, partial or complete sample, a random selection, a certain quota or a representative sample. The economic anthropologist Polly Hill studied cocoa faming and development in southern Ghana. She used maps and air photography to define her sample (Hill, 1963). This may seem an extreme choice, but it isn’t for an anthropologist conducting research in a non-Western setting. Methodology 1. Induction-Deduction Research, the search for knowledge and problem-solving, is a process whereby one continua lly adds to knowledge (Ellen, 1984). By this understanding, research is an ongoing process. There are, however, certain procedures to be followed and standards to be adhered to, be they of an â€Å"inductive† (experimental: â€Å"arriving at a theory based on facts†) or â€Å"deductive† (â€Å"facts are organized to match theory†) nature. Based on this division, one arrives at a â€Å"positivistic† and â€Å"relativistic stance†, resulting in a contrast of â€Å"explanation† (deduction, positivism) and â€Å"understanding† (induction, relativism) (Manners and Kaplan, 1968; Alexander, 1983; Gellner, 1985). Within anthropology and with its emphasis on induction and empirical research, the contrast between induction and deduction has been conceptualized as two modes of inquiry that are opposed to one another. The renowned anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski advocated 90 years ago long-term immersion in the research site chosen and the use of a set of qualitative methods, considered suitable to such an approach (Malinowski, 1922). Since the nineteen twenties and Malinowski’s statement, the tension of deduction and induction is thought of as contrast between the natural sciences, such as biology, insisting on distance, and the human and social sciences stressing the value of experience-nearness. The contrast has been exemplified by the different emphases placed upon

The reality of war Essay Example for Free

The reality of war Essay Choose two or more poems from the selection that reveal the reality of war. Write about these poems in as much detail as possible, comparing the attitude and tone in each poem. The two poems I have chosen are dulce et decorum est and anthem for doomed youth which are both written by Wilfred Owen in October 1917, who served in the great war. He wrote many poems about the reality of war which he learned during the years he served, to try and bring out the truth of war which was being covered up by jingoistic writers and propaganda. In both of the poems there is a very negative, depressing tone. The reason for writing these poems is to uncover the harsh realities of war, and to show men thinking of joining up to the forces the real life of war, and not the way the jingoistic writers have been showing the war. Because the way people saw the war back in Britain was totally different to the war in the trenches, and Owen was not pleased with this at all. Wilfred Edward Salter Owen was born on March 18, 1893. and after visiting a hospital he decided, in September, 1915, to go back to England and sign up. After serving for almost two years Owen was injured in March 1917 and sent home; he was fit for duty in August, 1918, and returned to the frontline. November 4, just seven days before the Armistice, he was caught in a German machine gun attack and killed. He was twenty-five when he died The meaning of dulce et decorum est is quite an ironic and sarcastic meaning , because it means it is sweet and honourable to die for your country, but Owen really doesnt agree with this at all, therefore he is being sarcastic. In my opinion the poem is written for men thinking of joining up to the army, that need to know what war life is really like. The conditions in the trenches was very bad, and the very bad condition that the soldiers had to withstand. The soldiers had to march for days without rest and carrying severe injuries. Bent double, like old beggars under sacks , knock kneed , coughing like hags This tells us that they have been squatting in their small trenches, and their not used to the walking. And also it shows us that they were helpless and the conditions were awful. The soldiers had been walking for days, and that the lack of medication and the gasses used in the war was causing had caused the soldiers to become very ill, and they started coughing. There was also a severe lack of rest amongst the soldiers and the soldiers men marched asleep but they were very determined to carry on, but most of them didnt know what was happening and they were practically asleep, but they had nothing else to do, had nothing left apart from to carry on marching til the end. They were like zombies marching to their death Real war life was totally different from what the jingoistic writers had made it out to be. limped on, blood-shod. All went lame all went blind The soldiers were injured badly, and covered in blood (not only their own) but they are very determined to carry on. The soldiers also had chosen to try and ignore what was happening and were choosing to be blind, and not watch what was happening, because it was very depressing. Other bad conditions for the soldiers is the noise factor Deaf even to the hoots this shows us that because of all of the explosions and the guns firing, and the soldiers were used to the noise, and blocked it out altogether, because all day there was bombs going off , and guns firing. The soldiers didnt seem to be prepared for everything, because as the warning for the gas attack. And it seemed to be quite manic, as the soldiers tried to put on their helmets. an ecstasy of fumbling usually ecstasy means excitement, or something positive. But in this case it is the opposite and it is a very worrying time. There was also many risks , which the jingoists had never mentioned, but Owen wanted people to know about but someone still was yelling out and stumbling as a soldier couldnt put on his helmet and unfortunately died. Owen described the death of the soldier with the theme of water, as the gas killed him, and it is as if the gas was described as water.. under a green sea, I saw him drowning plunges at mechocking, drowning. In the third stanza the tone changes and slows down and after the first two stanzas describing the conditions, the rhythms calms down. Owen makes us feel sorry and quite sad as he describes how they followed the wagon that the soldier had been thrown into the back of. Behind the wagon that we flung him in, and watch the white eyes writhing in his face, his hanging face like a devils sick of sin; this says that the soldier looked so bad that he was like a the devils sick. (Which is not a pretty sight) as the poem draws to an end it is very depressing. gargling from the froth corrupted lungs, obscene as cancer bitter as the cud the cud is a slang word for the countryside, and that could be reverting to the countryside as the battlefield. There is also a feeling of regret as he says incurable sores, on innocent tongues I think this means that it has left a physical mark, or a bad taste in the mouth. The poem then ends with the old lie: dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. Which it is sweet and honourable to die for country, which in Owens view definitely untrue, hence the old lie: In anthem for domed youth, there is a similar tone to dulce, as they were both written by owen at a similar time. In my opinion the reason for the name anthem for doomed youth is because as the soldiers were marching thoughts o death would be running through the soldiers heads. At the start of the 1st stanza there is a question asking what passing bells for those who die as cattle this is an effective way of describing the soldiers because it is like the soldiers are like cows in a slaughterhouse, and the soldiers are just marching to their death. In this poem Owen describes what a soldiers death would be like, and describes what happens when a soldier dies.

Gain and Noise Boundaries for NFmin or Unity SWRout

Gain and Noise Boundaries for NFmin or Unity SWRout Full  Characterization  of  Gain  and  Noise  Boundaries  for  NFmin or  Unity SWRout Operation M. R. M. Rizk1,4, Ehab Abou-Bakr*,2, A. A. A. Nasser3, El-Sayed A. El-Badawy1 and Amr M. Mahros1,5 Abstract-For a receiver sub-block, Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) is the first stage after the receiving antenna and as a key device, its amplification and noise figure (NF) affects the whole performance of the receiving part. In this paper we present a full graphical visualization in terms of gain, standing wave ratio (SWR) and noise for a GaAs HJ-FET transistor in two operating cases; i)NFmin, ii) Unity SWRout. The set of curves and contours presented will provide the designer with enough visual information about the transistor operating boundaries and will also visually assist on choosing the appropriate matching points for a wideband operation according to the desired (GT,SWR) for case (i) and (GT,SWRin,NF) for case (ii). Numerical examples are given for each operating case and verified via a microwave circuit design software package to demonstrate the adequacy of the proposed graphical techniques. The results from simulations compare favourably with the visually estimated values. INTRODUCTION Introducing a wide-band LNA with acceptable noise figure and gain depends mainly on choosing a suitable transistor[1, 2, 3, 4]. Several successful techniques have been developed in the literature to develop discrete transistors with super low NF and high associated gain [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. Different challenging techniques have been used to simultaneously get high gain, low noise figure, good input and output matching and unconditional stability at the lowest possible current draw from the amplifier. In 1982, Yarman et al.[12] introduced a software based non-linear optimization method based on their procedural simplified real frequency technique. This design procedure is applicable to broadband multistage FET amplifiers with no decisions to be made in advance. It was more efficient and accurate than other available CAD methods to fulfill the most optimum gain and SWR over a predefined bandwidth. This method was later extended by Perennec et al.[13] to optimize the noise figure in parallel with the gain and mismatch. Capponi et al. [14], expressed the performance of LNA in input matching condition by analyzing the Combined noise-SWR using the general curve family specified for a given active device. The determination of the required input/output terminations of the active device was explained in [15] when the power gain, noise figure, and input and output mismatch constraints are placed on the amplifier. Bengtsson et al. [16] devised a novel SWR test procedure for GaN-HEMT devices. In [17], the operation conditions of a selected high technology transistor were used along the typical design configurations to find a compromise relations between the gain, noise figure for the output port matching. Recentely graphical methods along with optimization methods for describing the full capacity of the selected transducer under a given set of noise figure and SWR constrains are discussed in [18, 19, 20]. Received  date * Corresponding author: Ehab Abou-Bakr ([emailprotected]). Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. The Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, El-Behera, Egypt. Faculty of Engineering, Arab Academy For Science Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt. SmartCI, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21432, Saudi Arabia. The (noise, gain, SWR) triplets can be expressed on the Smithchart as circles on both the source and load reflection coefficient planes [21, 22]. Choosing matching points on the Smithchart based on the variations of gain circles radii reflects on the noise/SWR performance of the whole amplifier circuit. Pre-Knowledge of the transistors full capacity with respect to gain, SWR and noise could facilitate the choice of the correct part for the targeted design goals. In this paper, two cases of design restrictions are taken into consideration; i) NFoperation, ii) unity SWRout. For each of these cases, a formed data base is used to create sets of boundaries for the transducer gain GT and NF that will reveal the full operating capacity o the selected transistor. Visual selection of the desired performance is possible and extraction of the appropriate matching points for single frequency or wideband operation is made simple. The selected active device for our investigation is the GaAs HJ-FET transistor NE3210S01 from Renessa Electronics [24]. The transistor is potentially unstable at VDS= 2V, ID= 10mAin the frequency rage below 8.6 GHz [26, 27]. So, by conducting the investigation in a range above this frequency (9-12)GHz, no additional circuit component is required to drive the transistor to its conditional stability region. As a result, the (NFmin) and their corresponding (ÃŽâ€Å"opt) provided in the manufacturer datasheet are used directly without any modifications. More intermediate dataset that is not provided in the datasheet, is used in our investigation. This was possible by using the interpolation option provided by the Advanced Design Systems (ADS) from Keysight technologies [25]. This manuscript is organized as follows: Numerical example and simulation verification are presented in section.2 for demonstrating the usage of the graphical gain boundaries and the imposing of SWR on them for NFmin operation. In section.3, the idea of correlating noise, gain and SWR on a single graph using NF boundaries are presented and aided by another numerical example. The conclusion is discussed in section.4. GAIN BOUNDARIES FOR NFMIN OPERATION All the basic formulas used in the presented analysis is listed in Table.1. In [22], three expressions for the gain are provided. These are; the transducer gain (GT), the available gain (GA) and the operating power gain (GP). The design of a microwave amplifier requires utilizing one or more of these gain criteria to reach the required design goals. Graphically, all the previously mentioned types can be represented as circles on the Smithchart. However, choosing which gain type to use in the design, depends on the transistor type and the required design criterion. +j1.0 +j0.5 GP circles +j2.0 +j0.2 +j5.0 0.0à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ -j0.2 As the radius CP increases, the Value of GP decreases -j5.0 -j0.5 -j2.0 -j1.0 Figure1.For NFmin operation, Different operating gain circles obtained by changing the GP factor in (15) Table1.Basic equations used in the analysis ÃŽâ€Å"inà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¢Ã‹â€ - C1 = |S11 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Sà ¢Ã‹â€ -|(10) ÃŽâ€Å"b=S GA 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"inÃŽâ€Å"S gA= 2(11) ÃŽâ€Å"outà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¢Ã‹â€ - |S21| ÃŽâ€Å"b=L (2) g Cà ¢Ã‹â€ - 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"outÃŽâ€Å"L CP=P 2 (12) S12S21ÃŽâ€Å"S 1 + gP(|S22|2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  |2) ÃŽâ€Å"in= S11 + 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢S ÃŽâ€Å" (3) I P S12S21ÃŽâ€Å"S rP=22 ÃŽâ€Å"out= S22 + 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢S ÃŽâ€Å" (4) 1 + gP(|S22| à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  |) (13) SWR= 1 + |ÃŽâ€Å"a|(5) in1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|ÃŽâ€Å"a| C2 = |S22 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Sà ¢Ã‹â€ -|(14) GP SWR= 1 + |ÃŽâ€Å"b|(6) out1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|ÃŽâ€Å"b| gP= |S21 (15) |2 GT= 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|ÃŽâ€Å"S|2 |1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"sS11|2 |S21|2 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|ÃŽâ€Å"L|2 |1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"LÃŽâ€Å"out|2 . (7) 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|S11|2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|S22|2 + |à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  |2 2|S21S12| (16) CA= gACà ¢Ã‹â€ - (8) G= |S21|I2 1 + gA(|S11|2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  |2) I Pmax |S12 (Kà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ | K à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1)(17) 1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2K|S21S12|gA+ |S12S21|2g2 NF = NFmin+ 4rn|ÃŽâ€Å"Sà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"opt|2 (18) rA= 1 + gP (|S11 (9) |2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  |2) (1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢|ÃŽâ€Å"S |2)|1 + ÃŽâ€Å" opt|2 (b) Figure2.Distribution of SWRout over operating gain circles for NFmin operation at 12 GHz a) A 3D representation with small values of SWRout displayed in lighter colors, b) A plane view of the same figure with actual values of SWRout on the color bar. 2.1. Imposing SWR on GT Boundaries for a Wideband, NFmin Operation Considering the above choices, the bilateral property of the Device Under Test (DUT) disfavor the usage of GT circles. Also, targeting a NFmin operation forces ÃŽâ€Å"S=ÃŽâ€Å"optand this prevents the usage of GA circles. As a result, GP circles in the ÃŽâ€Å"L plane of the Smithchart were used. 16 14 1212 GHz11 GHz 10 GHz9 GHz 10 8 6 Maximum attainable G T Minimum attainable G T 2 1212.51313.51414.51515.51616.5 Operating gain (G ) P Figure3.GT vs. GP, where GTmin à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤GTà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤GTmax regions for frequencies 9,10,11,12 GHz are shown in solid and dotted lines respectively. For a certain frequency of operation, changing the value of the GP factor in (15) will produce different circles for the operating gain as shown in Figure.1. Each point on the circumference of these circles represent a unique value of ÃŽâ€Å"Lthat can be used for matching according to the desired design goals. For further discovery of the device capabilities, SWR related to these values can be imposed on these circles. For illustration, only the SWRout levels are imposed in Figure.2 where lighter color regions represent lower values of SWRout. Although these are the desired regions to build our design around. However, for a wideband operation, reaching the required GT could prevent choosing matching points from these regions. Since ÃŽâ€Å"S=ÃŽâ€Å"optfor a NFmin operation, a graphical relation (GT vs. GP) will provide a pre- design information about the limitation of the selected transistor. Figure.3 explains this by specifying GTmin à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤GTà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤GTmax over a range of GP for the selected frequency points, the solid lines represent GTmax while the dotted lines correspond to GTmin . In fact a database was constructed for this figure that contain all values of ÃŽâ€Å"Ls that correspond to each GP value. Later on, this database will be very useful in choosing appropriate matching points for wideband operation. A quick look to the figure revels that if targeting a wideband operation the desired GT should not exceed GTmax of the highest frequency. For example, the transistor cannot achieve GT higher than 12.73 dB for a selected frequency of 12 GHz. However, designing for a suitable SWRin and SWRout requires further correlation between GT and SWR. This is shown in Figure.4 where visual predication of the device operating boundaries are clear. The constructed database is extended by masking the contours of both SWRin and SWRout on the GT boundaries at NFmin operation. Since lighter colors indicate better values of SWR, it is obvious that for this particular transistor, the SWRin and SWRout are worse for lower frequencies. Also, the direction of the color stripes are diagonal for SWRin and horizontal for SWRout, this is an indication that, for this particular transistor, choosing an appropriate GP and its subsequent ÃŽâ€Å"Ls could result in a constant value of SWRin along the entire bandwidth. As an example to emphasise on using Figure.3 to design a wideband LNA operating at its NFmin, a targeted 12.7 dB is chosen for illustration in the range of 9-12 GHz. From Figure.4, the color contour reveals that the minimum SWRout=1 corresponding to this GT level belongs to a 12GHz operation. Then, the accompanying ÃŽâ€Å"Lpairs for frequencies 9,10,11,12 GHz are fetched for matching purpose as shown in Figure.5(a). The displayed ÃŽâ€Å"Lpairs on the smith chart of Figure.5(b) were used by ADS to construct matching circuits to verify the expected SWR. the obtained simulation results are listed in Table.2 and compares favourably with those listed in Figure.5(a). 16351650 1430 1225 12 GHz 11 GHz 10 GHz 9 GHz 10 20 8 15 14 12 12 GHz 10 8 11 GHz 10 GHz 45 40 35 9 GHz30 25 20 6615 10 10 44 55 2 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 SWRin Operating gain G P (a) 2 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 SWRout Operating gain G P (b) Figure4.Imposing the contours of both SWRin and SWRout on the GT boundaries at NFmin operation, for SWRin and b) for SWRout +j1.0 +j0.5 +j2.0 +j0.2 12 GHz 11 GHz 10 GHz GHz +j5.0 0.0à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ 11 GHz (a) -j0.2 9 GHz -j0.5 GHz -j1.0 (b) -j2.0 -j5.0 Figure5.a) Extracting the underlying ÃŽâ€Å"Lpairs from the constructed database for the shown selected point of operation according to the targeted GT ans SWR, b) Smithchart representation of the extracted ÃŽâ€Å"L pairs NF BOUNDARIES FOR A UNITY SWROUT For the condition of an output conjugate matching (ie. ÃŽâ€Å"L=ÃŽâ€Å"à ¢Ã‹â€ - ), GA= GT and a unity SWRout is produced. All values of ÃŽâ€Å"Sthat corresponds to a particular GA circle gives the same value of SWRin. This is shown in Figure.6 where a contour of SWRin is imposed on GA= GT circles. The tip of the cone in Figure.6(a) corresponds to ÃŽâ€Å"Spoint that will produce a simultaneous conjugate match (ie. ÃŽâ€Å"S=ÃŽâ€Å"à ¢Ã‹â€ - ÃŽâ€Å"L=ÃŽâ€Å"à ¢Ã‹â€ - ) where (SWRin= SWRout=1).However, this figure alone cannot correlate the (GT,NF,SWR) triplets to give a full visualization insight of the device capability in this case of operation. GT, SWRin and NF Correlation for SWRin=1 Figure.7(a) illustrate the variation of SWRin along a range of GA= GT values where at SWRin=1, a simultaneous conjugate matching occurs. The data in Figure.7(a) alongside GA= GT values and their corresponding NF are used to construct a database to help plotting the NF boundaries shown in Figure.7(b). For a SWRout=1 operation, this figure can be used to visually predict both NF and SWRin for any targeted GT. Since, the marked points on the plot represent SWRin=1 for each selected Table2.ADS simulation data results after individually matching the IMN and OMN according to the matching points in Figure.5(a). Freq GT NFmin NF SWRin SWRout 9GHz 12.742 0.31 0.31 2.472 3.073 10GHz 12.710 0.32 0.32 2.438 2.319 11GHz 12.751 0.33 0.33 2.434 1.869 12GHz 12.760 0.34 0.34 2.379 1.033 (b) Figure6.3D representation of SWRin over a range of GA=GT circles a) Isometric view, b) Plan view frequency, it is visually clear that a SWRin= SWRout=1 is impossible for a wideband, flat gain design. For a wideband, flat gain operation with SWRout=1.Figure.7(b) reveals that GT flat max= GT max 12GHz is the maximum value of GT to attain a flat gain throughout the bandwidth. The previously constructed database can be used to fetch ÃŽâ€Å"S, ÃŽâ€Å"Lthat will produce the visually targeted (GT, SWRout, NF) triplets from Figure.7(b). As an example, a targeted wideband operation (9-12 GHz) with GT=13.9 dB is chosen for demonstration, Figure.8 present the underlying ÃŽâ€Å"S, ÃŽâ€Å"Lfor the visually selected point. this point was selected to give the targeted GT for a simultaneous conjugate matching at 12 GHz with NFà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤1.4 dB. the source and load matching points for the selected frequencies are shown in Figure.9. Again, ADS was used to verify the estimated (GT, NF, SWR) triplets by constructing individual matching networks using ÃŽâ€Å"Sand ÃŽâ€Å"Llisted in Figure.8. Table.3 present the simulation results which compares favorably with the visually estimated values. Table3.ADS simulation data results after individually matching the IMN and OMN according to the matching points in Figure.8. Freq GT NF SWRin SWRout 9 GHz 13.96 1.34 3.06 1.02 10 GHz 13.98 1.33 2.34 1.01 11 GHz 13.93 1.37 1.88 1.01 12GHz 13.95 1.33 1.12 1.03 CONCLUSION In this paper, rigorous graphical investigation to explore the selected device capabilities in the NFmin and SWRout=1 cases was presented. For the first case; a set of GT boundary curves and contours can be visually used to explore the expected values of SWRin SWRout for a targeted GT at NFminoperation. While for the second case; NF boundary curves were used to visually predict the NF, SWRin levels for 6 Simultaneous conjugate matching point 10ÃŽâ€Å" =ÃŽâ€Å"* , ÃŽâ€Å" =ÃŽâ€Å"* , for 9,10,11,12 GHz 4.5 5 9 GHz S in L out 4 410 GHz 8 3.5 GHz 3 GHz 2 1 6 4 2 12 GHz11 GHz 10 GHz 9 GHz 3 2.5 2 1.5 0 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 Transducer gain G T (a) 0 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 Transducer gain G T (b) SWRin Figure7.a) Distribution of SWRin over a range of GT, b) NF boundaries for frequencies 9, 10, 11, 12 GHz Figure8.Extracted ÃŽâ€Å"S, ÃŽâ€Å"Lfrom the constructed database for the shown selected point of operation. output conjugate matching that will result a SWRout=1. For both cases, a full database was formed to be used in the extraction of the corresponding matching reflection coefficients for any visually targeted operating points. The construction and using of this database was found to make termination points extraction easy and accurate. And As described by [19] ItcanbeconcludedthatthenearfuturemicrowavetransistorisexpectedtobeidentifiedbythePerformanceDataBaseswhereallpossibleLNAdesignscanbeoverviewedusingthefulldevicecapacity. REFERENCES Friis, H.T.,Noise Figures of Radio Receivers, Proceedings of the IRE, Vol. 32, No. 7, 419-422, 1944. Collins, C.E. et al.,On the measurement of SSB noise figure using sideband cancellation, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 45, No. 3, 721-727, 1996. Collantes, J.M. et al.,Effects of DUT mismatch on the noise figure characterization: a comparative analysis of two Y-factor techniques, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 51, No. 6, 1150-1156, 2002. +j1.0 +j1.0 +j0.5 +j2.0 +j0.5 +j2.0 +j0.2 10 GHz 12 GHz +j5.0 +j0.2 12 GHz GHz 10 GHz 9 GHz +j5.0 9 GHz 11 GHz 0.0à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ 0.0à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ -j0.2 -j5.0 -j0.2

Shakespeare in Love :: English Literature Essays

Shakespeare in Love How true is my love? William Shakespeare creates the readers world of wonder. His own marriage was a world of wonder. Shakespeare’s wife was young and beautiful. Her name was Anne Hathaway. She was eight years older than Shakespeare. Shakespeare was eighteen when he married Anne. They were joined in a â€Å"hand fast marriage.† This is a contract to marry before witnesses, marked by a kiss and a ring. It is followed by sexual intercourse forming a binding marriage. Romeo and Juliet had a delightful marriage. Shakespeare wrote about happy marriages. Romeo loved Juliet so much that he was willing to die for her. He never did her any wrong and cherished her love. Shakespeare is a woman worshiper. In Elizabeth I, Viola is a young witty girl who dresses as a man to work with Shakespeare. Viola falls in love with him. Viola is portrayed as vibrant and bright. Accusations of Shakespeare’s affairs are published in the novel, No Bed for Bacon. Shakespeare was said to write about love from his own experience. A Midsummer Night’s dream describes love the best. Is love predictable? Hermia and Lysander, in a Midsummer Night’s dream, have an altered love. Hermia’s father chose whom she would love, but Hermia already loves Lysander. She elopes with her love. Then a spell is cast upon her to fall in love with Helena, her fathers best friend. Love is so strong Hermia can’t be forced to love someone besides Lysander, there is a spell. Shakespeare portrays love to be the strongest emotion. It is said that love was the reason he stayed with Anne even though she was so far away. Romeo and Juliet were not supposed to love each other because of family quarrels. They felt so strongly toward each other that they refused to let anything get in the way of their love. Romeo and Juliet are a tragedy. The love they shared brought them to death. Romeo and Juliet tried to be together. They married without telling their family. Juliet’s father had a plan for her to marry someone he favored. Juliet refused, her father insisted, so Juliet faked her death. Romeo was supposed to get a letter telling of the plan. The letter was not received. Romeo found Juliet, supposedly dead, he killed himself at her side. Juliet awakened to her lover dead and committed suicide. Is love this strong?

Artificial Intelligence in Missile Technology

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MISSILE TECHNOLOGY K. Manasa B-Tech III/IV Branch: EEE Shadan College of Engg & Tech, Peerancheru, Hyderabad-08. konda_sowmya @yahoo. com Abstract: The development, strength, economy and progress depends on the status of the Defence, This paper deals with various generations of computer where the fifth generation computers use Artificial Intelligence. A few applications of Artificial Intelligence used in various technologies have also been discussed. The main focus of paper is on chaser missiles, which implements the missile technology using Artificial Intelligence. The Anupama processor designed in India can be used in chasers. This shows the development of Artificial Intelligence in Indian defence systems. The On-Board Computer department of RCI and ASL of DRDO are working on similar missile technology mostly on the guidance systems for Agni, Trishul, Akash and NAG along with which even the Chaser using the AI technology may replace the existing guidance system of the missiles. Keywords: IC, VLSI, Turing test, Chasers, OBCS, Seeker, IGMDP, DRDO, BDL, Anupama Processor, Deep Blue, Seed AI. 1. Introduction: Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Science that deals with helping machines finding solutions to complex problems in a more human-like fashion. It is intelligence exhibited by any manufactured system, which is often used in works of science fiction. The term is often applied to general-purpose computers and also in the field of scientific investigation into the theory and practical application. This generally involves borrowing characteristics from human intelligence, and applying them as algorithms in a computer friendly way. For more complex problems, things get more difficult. Unlike humans, computers have trouble understanding in specific situations and adapting to new situations. Artificial Intelligence aims to improve machine behavior in tackling such complex tasks. A more or less flexible or efficient approach can be taken depending on the requirements established, which influences how artificial the intelligent behavior appears. From AI we can learn something about how to make machines solve problems by observing other people or just by observing our own methods. On the other hand, most work in AI involves studying the problems the world presents to intelligence rather than studying people or animals. . Various Generations of a Computer: With the advent of computers there has been a vast proliferation in them. A computer is truly an amazing machine as it performs various functionalities. For generations, it has been the constant endeavor of man to get the better of his adversary by inventing more and more potent computers. Till today we got five gener ations of computers. The 1st generation computers used vacuum tubes. These computers occupied large space, liberated a large amount of heat and also lead to many uncontrolled operations. The 2nd generation computers used enormous number of transistors. After some years these transistors were fabricated on a single chip called ICs. Computers using these were called the 3rd generation computers. With the advancement of technology in VLSI, a large number of ICs were integrated on a single chip made of silicon, which is further used by the 4th generation computers. An attempt is being made to apply artificial intelligence on these computers, which constitutes the 5th generation computers. These computers are expected to be faster results and thus may influence international policies, strategy and tactics to an enormous extent. 3. Is AI different from Human Intelligence? Alan Turing's article â€Å"Computing Machinery and Intelligence† discussed some conditions where a machine can be used in an intelligent fashion. He argued that if a machine can perform successfully as a human can do, then the observer will certainly consider it as an intelligent device. This test called Turing test would satisfy many people but not all the philosophers. The observer can be able to interact with the machine but can’t differentiate it from the actual human works (actions & voices) while interacting and thus it camouflages the observer. The Turing test is a one-sided test. A machine that passes this test should certainly be considered as intelligent, irrespective of having knowledge about human. There are many adversaries about this fact, that an excellent discussion on the Turing test is not supportive, with restrictions on the observer's knowledge of AI and the subject matter of questioning. It turns out that some people are easily misinterpreted that, a rather dumb program is intelligent. When we set out to design an AI program, we should attempt to specify as well as possible the criteria for success for that particular program functioning in its restricted domain. . 1 Hardware for AI: In order to use AI in any system a few hardware specifications are required. The minimum requirements include a computing system containing an IC built processor, a control unit, memory devices, and a converter for external interfaces, floating-point unit, input-output ports and timers. These components work relatively with the computing system as per the AI oriented software. 4. 2 Software for AI Software is the intelligence that runs the hardware in a computer. Basically AI is in form of information fed to the processor through a programming language. The parameters acts as input that results into desired output. A fifth generation language use AI to create software based on our description of what the software should do. 5. Missile Technology and AI: Missile: It is an object or weapon that is fired, thrown, dropped, or projected at a target. Missiles play major role in warfare. The earlier versions of missiles were simple in design and operation. When the fighter plane first came into use the missiles used were of simple nature that involved only target mode and firing angle. The present day missiles are much complicated. The concept of employment of these missiles has also undergone a drastic change. Chasers: It is a type of missile that may be designed to chase the target until it hits or causes damage to the target. The Chaser contains an OBCS in its control unit, which contains AI as a backup, which will guide itself during its trajectory. Chaser continuously emits either Laser light, Infrared rays or Radio waves continuously from its IR Dome. When the enemy unit comes in its path a part of these waves reflect back giving a signal to the Chaser. Then this missile automatically changes its position so as to knock down the enemy. [pic] [pic] [pic] Working: The main purpose of an OBCS is to obtain guidance and control. The OBCS mainly contains an IC built processor, a control unit, memory devices like flash memory, SRAM, NVRAM, communication devices like UART and a converter for external interfaces. It is the seeker that actually applies AI. Before missile is launched the target is fed to the OBC in the form of a signal or image, which is basically intelligence. The seeker continuously scans the image target and gives signal to the OBCS. The input is in the form of co-ordinates that allows the chaser to change the position of radar and direction of missile by changing the position of the fins, nozzle and wings such that the target is always at its center of view. This is done by the control unit by varying the altitudes of the missile i. e. Roll, Yaw and Pitch thus guiding the missile towards its target. [pic] The missile control operation follows a closed loop system. Characteristics: The following are the characteristics to be possessed by a Chaser: †¢ The chaser should be faster than sharp enemy. It should take the shortest path to reach the enemy. †¢ The Propellant composition should be such that it is able to effectively engage the target. †¢ The longitudinal, lateral and vertical axis of missile must be varied in a smooth fashion when enemy tries to dive or jump suddenly. Future Trends: With the application of AI the missiles may be capable of automatic target recognition and even be able to tell the condition of the terrain. It may be able to identify tanks and trucks as friendly or enemy vehicles. The missile, while in flight may have the ability to prioritize target on battlefield. If the missile thinks that it should go after a high priority target rather than trying to kill its original target, it will do so. Software programme will be so advanced that mission options will be decided by brains built into the missiles with the help of embedded real time computers. The ongoing developments and changes in this field may however cannot be forecasted. 6. Development of AI in India: India launched its missile development programme through IGMDP under the aegis of DRDO, the premier defence research agency. Under this programme five missile systems are currently under different stages of development and production. BDL, Hyderabad has also been established as a premier production agency for all missile systems. The following missiles form part of IGMDP: Prithvi – Introduced in 1996 Trishul – under development AKASH – under development NAG – under development AGNI – under development The most recent attempt made for the development of AI based technology in India is the design of Anupama Processor. It has been designed at Anurag Research Institute, Hyderabad. Anupama was first used in Mission Control system mounted on under water self propelled missile, Torpedo. It is a 32-bit processor based on RISC architecture. It mainly contains a 32-bit floating-point unit, 32-bit parallel input-output port and two 16-bit timers. It has a non-multiplexed bus structure with 32 data lines and 32 address lines. A bus interface unit supports Synchronous, Asynchronous and Burst data transverse. It also supports dynamic bus sizing. The same can also be used in OBCS of chasers. 7. Other Applications: 7. 1 Robotics: Robots are typically used to do tasks that are too dull, dirty, or dangerous for humans. Industrial robots used in manufacturing lines used to be the most common form of robots. Other applications of Robotics include toxic waste cleanup, underwater and space exploration, surgery, mining, search and rescue, and mine finding. Robots are also finding their way into entertainment and home health care. 7. 2 Medicine: Artificial Intelligence in Medicine allow computers to process and analyze three-dimensional images of the heart in much the same way an experienced human operator would. The program applies artificial intelligence techniques to the measurement of parameters critical to understanding the state and behavior of the human heart. This automated approach allows information to be obtained very quickly that is quantitatively accurate and does not suffer from intra-observer or inter-observer variability. The software and algorithms developed by the AIM program are widely considered to represent the gold standard in nuclear cardiology. 7. 3 Banking: AI systems are used to detect fraud and expenditure financial transactions, with daily transaction volumes in billions. These systems first use learning algorithms to construct profiles of consumer usage patterns, and then use the resulting profiles to detect unusual patterns and take appropriate action. Ex: To disable the credit card. 7. 4 Data Processing: Data Mining, the extraction of hidden predictive information from large databases, is a powerful new technology with great potential to help companies focus on most important information in the data warehouses. Data mining tools predict future trends and behaviors, allowing business to make proactive, knowledge-driven decisions. It answers business questions that traditionally were too time consuming to resolve. The past history in the form of records is taken as a backup, which is fed in the form of intelligence for data processing. 7. 5 Game playing: The AI based machines can be applied for playing games mainly through brute force computation using the entire game play as a backup in the form of AI. Advantage of using this type of machine is the players can have a practice session where they will have a tough opponent (machine) and then in a real match the players will not face much difficulty. Ex: Deep Blue computer for chess. 7. 6 Speech Recognition: The areas where continous interaction is required between the user and computer, the need not go for the commands using input devices. He can just dictate the commands while the system accepts it in the form of speech signal and achieves the task to be performed. Ex: In a highly protected zone where the security levels must be maintained high can make use of speech recognition system, where the password can be broken only by a particular official. 7. 7 Computer Vision: The human eye as well as TV cameras capture objects and give it as an input to the main system. But here the input given is two-dimensional; some programs may run with this input while the computers require partial three-dimensional information that can be possible by computer vision. Ex: The images taken from satellites can be of three-dimensional type. 7. 8 Machine Translation: It is a form of translation where a computer program analyses text in one language i. e. , â€Å"Source text† and attempts to produce another language called â€Å"Target text† without human intervention. Ex: In the fields having highly limited ranges of vocabulary and simple sentence structure like weather reports, machine translation can deliver useful results. 7. 9 Handwriting Recognition: Several attempts were made to produce ink pens that include digital components such that a person write on a paper and have the resulting text stored digitally. So the user need not write once in a paper and then enter it again as input in computer, thus saving time. 8. Friendly AI: Friendliness theory is a proposed solution to the dangers believed to stem from smarter-than-human artificial intelligence. According to the theory, the goals of future AIs will be more arbitrary and alien than commonly depicted in science fiction and earlier futurist speculation, in which AIs are often anthropomorphized and assumed to share universal human desires. Because AI is not guaranteed to see the â€Å"obvious† aspects of morality and goals that humans see so effortlessly, the theory goes, AIs with intelligences greater than our own may concern themselves with endeavors that humans would see as pointless or even laughably bizarre. One example is that of an AI initially designed to manufacture paperclips, which, upon becoming superhumanly intelligent, tries to develop molecular nanotechnology because it wants to convert all matter in the solar system into paperclips. Friendliness theory stresses less the danger of superhuman AIs that actively seek to harm humans, but more of AIs that are disastrously indifferent to them if steps are not taken to specifically design them to be benevolent. Doing so effectively is the primary goal of Friendly AI. This belief that human goals are so arbitrary derives heavily from modern advances in evolutionary psychology. Friendliness theory claims that most AI speculation is clouded by analogies between AIs and humans, and assumptions that all possible minds must exhibit characteristics that are actually psychological adaptations that exist in humans (and other animals) only because they were once beneficial and perpetuated by natural selection. Many supporters of FAI speculate that AI able to alter and improve itself, seed AI, is likely to create a huge power disparity between it and less intelligent human minds, that its ability to reprogram itself would very quickly outpace human ability to exercise any meaningful control over it. While many doubt such scenarios are likely, if they were to occur, it would be important for AI to act benevolently towards humans. One of the most recent significant advancements in Friendliness theory is the collective volition model. More concretely, the collective volition of humanity is the actions we would collectively take if we knew more, thought faster, etc Friendly AI should initially seek to determine the collective volition of humanity, with which it can then alter its goals accordingly. 9. Conclusion: Artificial intelligence has to be applied to the machines where the human involvement is not applicable. Keeping this in point of view, we have seen ample applications in real life so as to enhance the life of the human. These machines are very well suited for real time systems because of their fast response and computational efforts. In future people will witness a radical change in the cyber environment in the form of artificial intelligent oriented technologies. The country’s economical development depends on the strength of Defence. The chaser missile mentioned in this paper uses this reliable technology playing a prominent role in fortifying the defence. Further research on the lines of missile technology using AI may fetch more advanced and better technology in designing the missiles. From past so many years India was depending on other countries for its requirements in Defence. Now with this India will be self-dependant. Regarding the usage of AI even today there are so many comments on the threat towards humans from this intelligent so called machines. For this the friendly AI mentioned in this paper can be an answer. Finally we would like to conclude that the applications of Artificial Intelligence might be applied in real life making it no longer a fiction. 10. Acronyms: AI: Artificial Intelligence. IC: Integrated circuit. VLSI: Very Large Scale Integration. OBCS: Onboard Computer System SRAM: Static Random Access Memory NVRAM: Non Volatile RAM UART: Universal asynchronous receiver transmitter RISC: Reduced Instruction Set Computing IGMDP: Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme. DRDO: Defence Research and Development Organisation. BDL: Bharat Dynamics Limited. RCI: Research Center Imarat ASL: Advanced Systems Lab 11. References: †¢ â€Å"Computing Machinery & Artificial Intelligence† 3rd edition, by Alan Turing. †¢ Research paper on â€Å"Machine Intelligence† by Sankar Kumar Paul, Indian Stastical Institute, Kolkata. †¢ â€Å"Super Intelligent Machines† by Bill Hibbard. †¢ â€Å"Artificial Intelligence† 2nd edition 2004, by Elaine. Rich and Kevin Knight. †¢ â€Å"Applications of AI† by Richardson, IEEE paper, September 2004.